Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)
Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma, IFN gamma) is secreted by T cells (cytotoxic and Th1) and Natural Killer cells. Its major functions are to activate macrophages and to increase the expression of class II MHC on APC. IFN-gamma stimulated macrophages are more phagocytic, they are more capable of killing intracellular pathogens and they have increased ability to present antigen. IFN-gamma secreted by Th1 cells has a cross regulatory role in controlling Th2 function and will induce a class switch to IgG. It can inhibit the activities of the Th2 pathway by inducing macrophages to produce IL-12. This cytokine has a role in many types of immune responses such as delayed type hypersensitivity, inflammation, antibody production and viral infection.
Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P01579
PublicationsWhole-blood cytokine secretion assay as a high-throughput alternative for assessing the cell-mediated immunity profile after two doses of an adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein vaccine candidate (2022) De Rosa SC, Cohen KW, Bonaparte M, Fu B, Garg S, Gerard C, Goepfert PA, Huang Y, Larocque D, McElrath MJ, Morris d, Van der Most R, de Bruyn G, Anke Pagnon Clinical & Translational Immunology
Childhood trauma and LPS-stimulated inflammation in adulthood: Results from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (2022) Ricki M.de Koning, Erika Kuzminskaite, Christiaan H.Vinkers, Erik J. Giltay, Brenda W.J.H.Penninx Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
Live enteroviruses, but not other viruses, detected in human pancreas at the onset of type 1 diabetes in the DiViD study (2022) Lars Krogvold, Angelo Genoni, Anna Puggioni, Daniela Campani, Sarah J. Richardson, Christine S. Flaxman, Bjørn Edwin, Trond Buanes, Knut Dahl-Jørgensen & Antonio Toniolo Diabetologia
Autologous NK cells propagated and activated ex vivo decrease senescence markers in human PBMCs (2022) Nickolas Chelyapov, Toai T Nguyen, Rafael Gonzalez Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports
First-in-human study of the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ALPN-101, a dual CD28/ICOS antagonist, in healthy adult subjects (2021) Yang J, Lickliter JD, Hilson JL, Means GD, Sanderson RJ, Carley K, Tercero A, Manjarrez KL, Wiley JR, Peng SL Clinical and Translational Science
Pretreatment with ibrutinib reduces cytokine secretion and limits the risk of obinutuzumab-induced infusion-related reactions in patients with CLL: analysis from the iLLUMINATE study (2021) Greil R, Tedeschi A, Moreno C, Anz B, Larratt L, Simkovic M, Gill D, Gribben JG, Flinn IW, Wang Z, Cheung LWK, Nguyen AN, Zhou C, Styles L, Demirkan F Annals of Hematology
Very-low-carbohydrate diet enhances human T-cell immunity through immunometabolic reprogramming (2021) Hirschberger S, Straub G, Effinger D, Marstaller X, Ferstl A, Muller MB, Wu T, Hubner M, Rahmel T, Mascolo H, Exner N, Heb J, Kreth FW, Unger K, Kreth S EMBO Molecular Medicine
First-in-human phase 1 study of budigalimab, an anti-PD-1 inhibitor, in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (2021) Italiano A, Cassier PA, Lin CC, Alanko T, Peltola KJ, Gazzah A, Shiah HS, Calvo E, Cervantes A, Roda D, Tosi D, Gao B, Millward M, Warburton L, Tanner M, Englert S, Lambert S, Parikh A, Afar DE, Vosganian G, Moreno V Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy
Hedgehog interacting protein-expressing lung fibroblasts suppress lymphocytic inflammation in mice (2021) Yun JH, Lee CH, Liu S, Kim EY, Xu S, Curtis JL, Pinello L, Bowler RP, Silverman EK, Hersh CP, Zhou X JCI Insight
Interferon genes are influenced by 17ß-estradiol in SLE (2021) Singh RP, Hahn BH, Bischoff DS Frontiers in Immunology
Dynamic Aspects of Associations in Coronary Artery Disease: From Intracoronary Imaging to Blood Biomarkers (2020) Buljubasic, N. Erasmus University Rotterdam
Association of occupational exposures with ex vivo functional immune response in workers handling carbon nanotubes and nanofibers (2020) Schubauer-Berigan MK, Dahm MM, Toennis CA, Sammons DL, Eye T, Kodali V, Zeidler-Erdely PC, Erdely A Nanotoxicology
Urelumab alone or in combination with rituximab in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell lymphoma (2020) Timmerman J, Herbaux C, Ribrag V, Zelenetz AD, Houot R, Neelapu SS, Logan T, Lossos IS, Urba W, Salles G, Ramchandren R, Jacobson C, Godwin J, Carpio C, Lathers D, Liu Y, Neely J, Suryawanshi S, Koguchi Y, Levy R American Journal of Hematology
Innate Immune Stimulation of Whole Blood Reveals IFN-1 Hyper-Responsiveness in Type 1 Diabetes (2020) Rodrigues KB, Dufort MJ, Llibre A, Speake C, Jubayer Rahman M, Bondet V, Quiel J, Linsley PS, Greenbaum CJ, Duffy D, Tarbell KV Diabetologia
Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis and recurrent macrophage activation syndrome due to a CASP1 variant causing inflammasome hyperactivation (2020) Jorgensen SE, Christiansen M, Host C, Glerup M, Mahler B, Lausten MM, Gad HH, Hartmann R, Herlin T, Mogensen TH Rheumatology
Inhibition of cytokine signaling by ruxolitinib and implactions for COVID-19 treatment (2020) Yeleswaram S, Smith P, Burn T, Covington M, Juvekar A, Li Y, Squier P, Langmuir P Clinical Immunology
Towards standardization of immune functional assays (2020) Mouton W, Albert-Vega C, Boccard M, Bartolo F, Oriol G, Lopez J, Pachot A, Textoris J, Mallet F, Brengel-Pesce K, Trouillet-Assant S Clinical Immunology
Results of the phase I open label clinical trial SAKK 06/14 assessing safety of intravesical instillation of VPM1002BC, a recombinant mycobacterium bacillus calmette guerin (BCG), in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and previous failure of conventional BCG therapy (2020) Rentsch CA, Bosshard P, Mayor G, Rieken M, Puschel H, Wirth G, Cathomas R, Parzmair GP, Grode L, Eisele B, Sharma H, Gupta M, Gairola S, Shaligram U, Goldenberger D, Spertini F, Audran R, Enoui M, Beradi S, Hayoz S, Wicki A Oncoimmunology
Inexpensive, non-invasive biomarkers predict Alzheimer transition using machine learning analysis of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging (ADNI) database (2020) Beltran JF, Wahba BM, Hose N, Shasha D, Kline RP, ADNI PLoS One
Model informed dosing regimen and phase I results of the anti-PD-1 antibody budigalimab (ABBV-181) (2020) Powderly J, Spira A, Kondo S, Doi T, Luke JL, Rasco D, Gao B, Tanner M, Cassier PA, Gazzah A, Italiano A, Tosi D, Afar DE, Parikh A, Engelhardt B, Englert S, Lambert SL, Kasichayanula S, Mensing S, Menon R, Vosganian G, Tolcher A Clinical and Translational Science
First-in-human, single- and multiple-ascending dose studies in healthy subjects to assess pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety/tolerability of iberdomide, a novel cereblon E3 ligase modulator (2020) Ye Y, Gaudy A, Schafer P, Thomas M, Weiss D, Chen N, Liu L, Xue Y, Carayannopoulos L, Palmisano M Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development
Immune profiling enables stratification of patients with active TB disease or M. tuberculosis infection (2020) Duffy D, Nemes E, Llibre A, Rouilly V, Musvosvi M, Smith N, Filander E, Africa H, Mabwe S, Jaxa L, Charbit B, Mulenga H, the Milieu Interieur Consortium, Tameris M, Walzl G, Malherbe S, Thomas S, Hatherill M, Bilek N, Scriba TJ, Albert ML Clinical Infectious Diseases
VaccHemInf Project: protocol for a prospective cohort study of efficacy, safety and characterisation of immune functional response to vaccinations in haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients (2019) Conrad A, Boccard M, Valour F, Alcazer V, Tovar Sanchez AT, Chidiac C, Laurent F, Vanhems P, Salles G, Brengel-Pesce K, Meunier B, Trouillet-Assant S, Ader F, Lyyon HEMINF Study Group BMJ Journals
Inflammatory parameters associated with systemic reactogenicity following vaccinatino with adjuvanted hepatitis B vaccines in humans (2019) Burny W, Marchant A, Herve C, Callegaro A, Caubet M, Fissette L, Gheyle L, Legrand C, Ndour C, Tavares Da Silva F, van der Most R, Willems F, Didierlaurent AM, Yarzabal J, ECR-008 study group Vaccine
Early changes in immune, coagulation, and organ function after clinical and experimental polytrauma (2019) Halbgbauer Repositorium der Universität Ulm
Exploring and redefining Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (2019) Bruserud Skipnes Kommunikasjon, University of Bergen
T cell phenotypes are associated with serum IgE levels in Amish and Hutterite children (2019) Hrusch CL, Stein MM, Gozdz J, Holbreich M, Von Mutius E, Vercelli D, Ober C, Sperling AI Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Tumor immune microenvironment and genomic evolution in a patient with metastatic triple negative breast cancer and a complete response to atezolizumab. (2019) Molinero L, Li Y, Chang CW, Maund S, Berg M, Harrison J, Fasso M, O'Hear C, Hedge P, Emens LA Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer
Dendritic cell immunotherapy followed by cART interruption during HIV-1 infection induces plasma protein markers of cellular immunity and neutrophil recruitment (2018) van den Ham HJ, Cooper J, Tomasik J, Bahn S, Aerts J, Oseterhaus A, Gruters R, Andeweg A PLoS One
Phase Ib Study of Glasdegib, A Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitor, in (2018) Savona M, Pollyea D, Stock W, Oehler V, Schroeder MA, Lancet J, McCloskey J, Kantarigian H, Ma WW, Shaik MN, Laird AD, Zeremski M, O'Connell A, Chan G, Cortes JE Clinical Cancer Research
Evaluation of plasma biomarkers of inflammation in patients with maple syrup urine disease (2018) Scaini G, Tonon T, Moura de Souza CF, Schuck PF, Ferreira GC, Quevedo J, Seda Neto J, Amorim T, Camelo Jr JS, Vitoria Barban Margutti A, Hencke Tresbach R, Sperb-Ludwig F, Boy R, V. de Medeiros PF, Schwards IVD, Luiz Streck E Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease
Anemia and Adverse Outcomes in a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Population with a High Burden of Comorbidities (2018) Putcha N, Fawzy A, Paul GG, Lambert AA, Psoter KJ, Sidhaye VK, Woo J, Wells JM, Labaki WW, Doerschuk CM, Kanner RE, Han MK, Martinez C, Paulin LM, Martinez FJ, Wise RA, O'Neal WK, Barr RG, Hansei NN AnnalsATS
IL-17 blockade with secukinumab in peripheral spondyloarthritis impacts synovial immunopathology without compromising systemic immune responses (2018) van Mens LJJ, van de Sande MGH, Menegatti S, Chen S, Blijdorp ICP, de Jong HM, Fluri IA, Latuhihin TE, van Kuijk AWR, Rogge L, Yeremenko NG, Baeten DLP Arthritis Rheumatol
Synergistic Cytokine Effects as Apremilast Response Predictors in Patients With Psoriasis (2018) Garcet S, Nograles K, Correa da Rosa J, Schafer PH, Krueger JG Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Cereblon modulator iberdomide induces degradation of the transcription factor Ikaros and Aiolos: immunomodulation in healthy volunteers and relevance to systemic lupus erythematosus (2018) Schafer PH, Ye Y, Wu L, Kosek J, Ringheim G, Yang Z, Liu L, Thomas M, Palmisano M, Chopra R Ann Rheum Dis
Altered regulation of the T-cell system in patients with CRPS (2018) Heyn J, Azad SC, Luchting B Inflammation Research
Associations of 26 Circulating Inflammatory and Renal Biomarkers with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Long-term Cardiovascular Outcome in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography (ATHEROREMO-NIRS Substudy) (2018) Anroedh SS, Akkerhuis KM, Oemrawsingh RM, Garcia-Garcia HM, Brankovic M, Regar E, van Geuns RJ, Serruys PW, Daemen J, Van Mieghem NM, Boersma E, Kardys I Current Atherosclerosis Reports
PEGylated IL-10 (Pegilodecakin) Induces Systemic Immune Activation, CD8+ T Cell Invigoration and Polyclonal T Cell Expansion in Cancer Patients (2018) Naing A, Infante JR, Papadopoulos KP, Chan IH, Shen C, Ratti NP, Autio KA, Wong DJ, Patel MR, Ott PA, Falchook GS, Pant S, Hung A, Pekarek KL, Wu V, Adamow M, McCauley S, Mumm JB, Wong P, Van Vlasselaer P, Levegue J, Tannir NM, Oft M Cancer Cell
Serum Apolipoprotein E and Other Inflammatory Markers Can Identify Non-Responding Patients to a Dendritic Cell Vaccine (2018) Leeman H, Kaminska E, Green D, Bodman-Smith M, Gravett A, Bodman-Smith K, Copier J, Coulton G, Fusi A, Dalgleish AG Translational Oncology
Dietary Buglossoides Arvensis Oil Increases Circulating n-3 Ployunsaturated Fatty Acids in a Dose Dependent Manner and Enhances Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Whole Blood Interleukin-10-A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. (2017) Lefort N, LeBlanc R, Surette M Nutrients
Immunodepression after CPB: Cytokine dynamics and clinics after pediatric cardiac surgery – A prospective trial (2017) Justus G, Walker C, Rosenthal LM, Berger F, Miera O, Schmitt KR Cytokine
The REAnimation Low Immune Status Markers (REALISM) project: a protocol for broad characterisation and follow-up of injury-induced immunosuppression in intensive care unit (ICU) critically ill patients (2017) Rol ML, Venet F, Rimmele T, Moucadel V, Cortez P, Quemeneur L, Gardiner D, Griffiths A, Pachot A, Textoris J, Monneret G, On behalf of the REALISM study group BMJ Open
Peripheral biomarkers of major depression and antidepressant treatment response: Current knowledge and future outlooks (2017) Gadad BS, Jha MK, Czysz A, Furman JL, Mayes TL, Emslie MP, Trivedi MH J Affect Disord
The role of anxious distress in immune dysregulation in patients with major depressive disorder. (2017) Gaspersz R, Lamers F, Wittenberg G, Beekman ATF, van Hemert AM, Schoevers RA, Penninx BWJH Transl Psychiatry
The impact of antiretroviral therapy on iron homeostasis and inflammation markers in HIV-infected patients with mild anemia. (2017) Quiros-Roldan E, Castelli F, Lanza P, Pezzoli C, Vezzoli M; Inflammation in HIV Study Group, Biasiotto G, Zanella I J Transl Med.
Coordinated Activation of Toll-Like Receptor8 (TLR8) and NLRP3 by the TLR8 Agonist, VTX-2337, Ignites Tumoricidal Natural Killer Cell Activity (2016) Dietsch GN, Lu H, Yang Y, Morishima C, Chow LQ, Disis ML, Hershberg RM PLoS ONE
Assessment of Urine Proteomics in Type 1 Primary Hyperoxaluria*American Journal of Nephrology (2016) Brooks ER, Hoppe B, Milliner DS, Salido E, Rim J, Krevitt LM, Olson JB, Price HE, Vural G, Langman CB American Journal of Nephrology
Cytokine Production Capacity in Depression and Anxiety (2016) Vogelzangs N, De Jonge P, Smit JH, Bahn S, Penninx BW Translational Psychiatry
Safety, Antitumor Activity, and Immune Activation of Pegylated Recombinant Human Interleukin-10 (Am0010) in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors (2016) Naing A, Papadopoulos KP, Autio KA, Ott PA, Patel MR, Wong DJ, Falchook GS, Pant S, Whiteside M, Rasco DR, Mumm JB, Chan IH, Bendell JC, Bauer TM, Colen RR, Hong DS, Van Vlasselaer P, Tannir NM, Oft M, Infante JR Journal of Clinical Oncology
Biological stress systems, adverse life events and the improvement of chronic multi-site musculoskeletal pain across a 6-year follow-up. (2016) Generaal E, Vogelzangs N, Macfarlane GJ, Geenen R, Smit JH, de Geus EJ, Dekker J, Penninx BW. J Pain
Anti-inflammatory T-cell shift in neuropathic pain. (2015) Luchting B, Rachinger-Adam B, Heyn J, Hinske L, Kreth S, Azad S. J Neuroinflammation. 2015 Jan 21;12(1):12. [Epub ahead of print]
Biological stress systems, adverse life events and the onset of chronic multisite musculoskeletal pain: a 6-year cohort study. (2015) Generaal E, Vogelzangs N, Macfarlane GJ, Geenen R, Smit JH, de Geus EJ, Penninx BW, Dekker J. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015 Apr 22. pii: annrheumdis-2014-206741. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206741. [Epub ahead of print]
Shared Immune and Repair Markers During Experimental Toxoplasma Chronic Brain Infection and Schizophrenia (2015) Tomasik J, Schultz TL, Kluge W, Yolken RH, Bahn S, Carruthers VB Schizophr Bull
A Small Molecule Inhibitor of ITK and RLK Impairs Th1 Differentiation and Prevents Colitis Disease Progression (2015) Cho HS, Shin HM, Haberstock-Debic H, Xing Y, Owens TD, Funk JO, Hill RJ, Bradshaw JM, Berg LJ J Immunol.
Progressive Reduction in Cortical Thickness as Psychosis Develops: A Multisite Longitudinal Neuroimaging Study of Youth at Elevated Clinical Risk (2015) Cannon TD, Chung Y, He G, Sun D, Jacobson A, Van Erp TGM, Mcewen S, Addington J, Bearden CE, Cadenhead K, Cornblatt B, Mathalon DH, Mcglashan T, Perkins D, Jeffries C, Seidman LJ, Tsuang M, Walker E, Woods SW, Heinssen R Biological Psychiatry
Immunomodulatory Activities of a Concentrated Fruit and Vegetable Juice Tested in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial in Healthy Volunteers (2014) Schmolz M, März RW, Schaudt M, Schaudt C, Lauster C Food and Nutrition Sciences, Vol. 5 No. 4, 2014, pp. 341-350
MPDL3280A (anti-PD-L1) treatment leads to clinical activity in metastatic bladder cancer. (2014) Powles T, Eder JP, Fine GD, Braiteh FS, Loriot Y, Cruz C, Bellmunt J, Burris HA, Petrylak DP, Teng SL, Shen X, Boyd Z, Hegde PS, Chen DS, Vogelzang NJ. Nature. 2014 Nov 26;515(7528):558-62. doi: 10.1038/nature13904.
Predictive correlates of response to the anti-PD-L1 antibody MPDL3280A in cancer patients. (2014) Herbst RS, Soria JC, Kowanetz M, Fine GD, Hamid O, Gordon MS, Sosman JA, McDermott DF, Powderly JD, Gettinger SN, Kohrt HE, Horn L, Lawrence DP, Rost S, Leabman M, Xiao Y, Mokatrin A, Koeppen H, Hegde PS, Mellman I, Chen DS, Hodi FS. Nature. 2014 Nov 26;515(7528):563-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14011.
Basal inflammation and innate immune response in chronic multisite musculoskeletal pain. (2014) Generaal E, Vogelzangs N, Macfarlane GJ, Geenen R, Smit JH, Dekker J, Penninx BW. Pain. 2014 Aug;155(8):1605-12. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.05.007. Epub 2014 May 9.
Circulating Cytokines in Relation to the Extent and Composition of Coronary Atherosclerosis: Results from the Atheroremo-Ivus Study (2014) Battes LC, Cheng JM, Oemrawsingh RM, Boersma E, Garcia-Garcia HM, De Boer SPM, Buljubasic N, Mieghem NaV, Regar E, Geuns R-JV, Serruys PW, Akkerhuis KM, Kardys I Atherosclerosis
Autoantibodies to Variable Heavy (VH) Chain Ig Sequences in Humans Impact the Safety and Clinical Pharmacology of a VH Domain Antibody Antagonist of TNF-a Receptor 1 (2013) Holland MC, Wurthner JU, Morley PJ, Birchler MA, Lambert J, Albayaty M, Serone AP, Wilson R, Chen Y, Forrest RM, Cordy JC, Lipson DA, Bayliffe AI Journal of Clinical Immunology, July 2013
Impact of Sunitinib on Human Thyroid Cancer Cells (2013) Grosse J, Warnke E, Pohl F, Magnusson NE, Wehland M, Infanger M, Eilles C, Grimm D Cell Physiol Biochem. 2013 Jul 12;32(1):154-170
Does ethnicity moderate dementia's biomarkers (2013) Royall DR, Palmer RF; Texas Alzheimer's Research and Care Consortium Neurobiol Aging. 2013 Sep 18. pii: S0197-4580(13)00340-0
Multiplex immunoassay analysis of plasma shows prominent upregulation of growth factor activity pathways linked to GSK3ß signaling in bipolar patients (2013) Haenisch F, Alsaif M, Guest PC, Rahmoune H, Dickerson F, Yolken R, Bahn S Journal of Affective Disorders
Identification of Subgroups of Schizophrenia Patients with Changes in Either Immune or Growth Factor and Hormonal Pathways (2013) Schwarz E, Van Beveren NJM, Ramsey J, Leweke FM, Rothermundt M, Bogerts B, Steiner J, Guest PC, Bahn S Schizophrenia Bulletin
Highly aggregated antibody therapeutics can enhance the in vitro innate and late-stage T-cell immune responses (2012) Joubert MK, Hokom M, Eakin C, Zhou L, Deshpande M, Baker MP, Goletz TJ, Kerwin BA, Chirmule N, Narhi LO, Jawa V J Biol Chem. 2012 Jul 20;287(30):25266-79
Intraindividual long term stability and response corridors of cytokines in healthy volunteers detected by a standardized whole-blood culture system for bed-side application (2012) Mueller SC, März R, Schmolz M, Drewelow B BMC Med Res Methodol. 2012 Aug 1;12(1):112
Characterization of immunologically active drugs in a novel organotypic co-culture model of the human gut and whole blood (2012) Schmohl M, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Baur N, Hefner K, Blum M, Stein GM, Joos TO, Schmolz M Int Immunopharmacol. 2012 Dec;14(4):722-8
Safety and efficacy of everolimus, a mTOR inhibitor, as single agent in a phase 1/2 study in patients with myelofibrosis (2011) Guglielmelli P, Barosi G, Rambaldi A, Marchioli R, Masciulli A, Tozzi L, Biamonte F, Bartalucci N, Gattoni E, Lupo ML, Finazzi G, Pancrazzi A, Antonioli E, Susini MC, Pieri L, Malevolti E, Usala E, Occhini U, Grossi A, Caglio S, Paratore S, Bosi A, Barbui T, Vannucchi AM Blood. 2011 Jul 1. [Epub ahead of print]
Effects of Echinaforce® treatment on ex vivo-stimulated blood cells (2011) Ritchie MR, Gertsch J, Klein P, Schoop R Phytomedicine. 2011 Jul 15;18(10):826-31
"Host Tissue Damage" Signal ATP Impairs IL-12 and IFNgamma Secretion in LPS Stimulated Whole Human Blood. (2008) Nalos M, Huang S, Sluyter R, Khan A, Santner-Nanan B, Nanan R, McLean AS Intensive Care Med 34: 1891-1897.
IL-33 amplifies both Th1- and Th2-type responses through its activity on human basophils, allergen-reactive Th2 cells, iNKT and NK cells. (2008) Smithgall MD, Comeau MR, Yoon BR, Kaufman D, Armitage R, Smith DE Int Immunol 20: 1019-1030.
Validation of a new highly standardised, lab-independent whole-blood leukocyte function assay for clinical trials (ILCS). (2004) Schmolz M, Hurst TL, Bailey DM, Powell JR, Forsey RJ, Thompson JM, Williams C, Pawelec G Exp Gerontol 39: 667-671.