Beta-2-Microglobulin (B2M)
Beta-2-Microglobulin (B2M) is a protein found on the surfaces of all nucleated cells and is shed into the blood, particularly by tumor cells and lymphocytes. Due to its small size it passes through the glomerular membrane, but normally less than 1% is excreted due to reabsorption in the proximal tubules of the kidney. Therefore, high plasma levels occur in renal failure, inflammation, and neoplasms, especially those associated with B-lymphocytes.
Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P61769
PublicationsUnderlying Immune Disorder May Predispose Some Transthyretin Amyloidosis Subjects to Inotersen-Mediated Thrombocytopenia (2020) Narayanan P, Curtis BR, Shen L, Schneider E, Tami JA, Paz S, Burel SA, Tai LJ, Machemer T, Kwoh TJ, Xia S, Shattil SJ, Witztum JL, Engelhardt JA, Henry SP, Monia BP, Hughes SG Nucleic Acid Therapeutics
Eosinophils regulate adipose tissue inflammation and sustain physical and immunological fitnes in old age (2020) Brigger D, Riether C, van Brummelen R, Mosher KI, Shiu A, Ding Z, Zbaren N, Gasser P, Guntern P, Yousef H, Castellano JM, Storni F, Graff-Radford N, Britschgi M, Grandgirard D, Hinterbrandner M, Siegrist M, Moullan N, Hofstetter W, Leib SL, Villiger PM, Auwerx J, Villeda SA, Wyss-Coray T, Noti M, Eggel A Nature Metabolism
Inexpensive, non-invasive biomarkers predict Alzheimer transition using machine learning analysis of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging (ADNI) database (2020) Beltran JF, Wahba BM, Hose N, Shasha D, Kline RP, ADNI PLoS One
External Validation of a Pre-Transplant Biomarker Model (REVERSE) Predictive of Renal Recovery after Liver Transplantation (2019) Levitsky J, Asrani SK, Abecassis M, Ruiz R, Jennings LW, Klintmalm G Hepatology
Increased serum levels of leptin and insulin in both schizophrenia and major depressive disorder: A cross-disorder proteomics analysis (2019) Cakici N, Bot M, Lamers F, Janssen T, van der Haan L, Bahn S, Penninx BWJH, van Beveren NJM European Neuropsychopharmacology
Increased serum levels of leptin and insulin in both schizophrenia and major depressive disorder: A cross-disorder proteomics analysis (2019) Cakici N, Bot M, Lamers F, Janssen T, van der Haan L, Bahn S, Penninx BWJH, van Beveren NJM European Neuropsychopharmacology
Biomarker panels associated with progression of renal disease in type 1 diabetes. (2019) Colombo M, Valo E, McGurnaghan SJ, Sandholm N, Blackbourn LAK, Dalton RN, Dunger D, Groop PH, McKeigue PM, Forsblom C, Colhoun HM Diabetologia
Discovery and validation of a biomarker model (preserve) predictive of renal outcomes after liver transplantation (2019) Levitsky J, Asrani SK, Klintmalm G, Schiano T, Moss A, Chavin K, Miller C, Guo K, Zhao L, Jennings LW, Brown M, Armstrong B, Abecassis M Hepatology
A Machine-Learning Approach to Identify a Prognostic Cytokine Signature That Is Associated With Nivolumab Clearance in Patients With Advanced Melanoma. (2019) Wang R, Shao X, Zheng J, Saci A, Qian X, Pak I, Roy A, Bello A, Rizzo JI, Hosein F, Moss RA, Wind-Rotolo M, Feng Y Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Dendritic cell immunotherapy followed by cART interruption during HIV-1 infection induces plasma protein markers of cellular immunity and neutrophil recruitment (2018) van den Ham HJ, Cooper J, Tomasik J, Bahn S, Aerts J, Oseterhaus A, Gruters R, Andeweg A PLoS One
Key Proteins Involed in Spheroid Formation and Angiogenesis in Endothelial Cells After Long-Term Exposure to Simulated Microgravity (2018) Dittrich A, Grimm D, Sahana J, Bauer J, Kruger M, Infanger M, Magnusson N Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 2018
Synergistic Cytokine Effects as Apremilast Response Predictors in Patients With Psoriasis (2018) Garcet S, Nograles K, Correa da Rosa J, Schafer PH, Krueger JG Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Associations of 26 Circulating Inflammatory and Renal Biomarkers with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Long-term Cardiovascular Outcome in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography (ATHEROREMO-NIRS Substudy) (2018) Anroedh SS, Akkerhuis KM, Oemrawsingh RM, Garcia-Garcia HM, Brankovic M, Regar E, van Geuns RJ, Serruys PW, Daemen J, Van Mieghem NM, Boersma E, Kardys I Current Atherosclerosis Reports
Serum kidney injury molecule 1 and B2-microglobulin perform as well as larger biomarker panels for prediction of rapid decline in renal function in type 2 diabetes (2018) Colombo M, Looker HC, Farran B, Hess S, Groop L, Palmer CNA, Brosnan MJ, Dalton RN, Wong M, Turner C, Ahlqvist E, Dunger D, Agakov F, Durrington P, Livingstone S, Betteridge J, McKeigue PM, Colhoun HM Diabetologia
Serum Apolipoprotein E and Other Inflammatory Markers Can Identify Non-Responding Patients to a Dendritic Cell Vaccine (2018) Leeman H, Kaminska E, Green D, Bodman-Smith M, Gravett A, Bodman-Smith K, Copier J, Coulton G, Fusi A, Dalgleish AG Translational Oncology
Pre-vaccination inflammation and B-cell signalling predict age-related hyporesponse to hepatitis B vaccination (2016) Fourati S, Cristescu R, Loboda A, Talla A, Filali A, Railkar R, Schaeffer AK, Favre D, Gagnon D, Peretz Y, Wang IM, Beals CR, Casimiro DR, Carayannopoulos LN, Sékaly RP Nat Commun. 2016 Jan 8;7:10369
High false-positive rate of a putative biomarker test to aid in the diagnosis of schizophrenia (2016) Wehler CA, Preskorn, SH Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
Effects of Acute Endurance Exercise on Plasma Protein Profiles of Endurance-Trained and Untrained Individuals over Time (2016) Schild M, Eichner G, Beiter T, Zuegel M, Niess AM, Steinacker JM, Mooren FC Mediators of Inflammation
Variation in Serum Biomarkers with Sex and Female Hormonal Status: Implications for Clinical Tests (2016) Ramsey JM, Cooper JD, Penninx BWJH, Bahn S Scientific Reports
Characterizing the Inflammatory Response in Esophageal Mucosal Biopsies in Children with Eosinophilic Esophagitis (2016) Sayej WN, Menoret A, Maharjan AS, Fernandez M, Wang Z, Balarezo F, Hyams JS, Sylvester FA, Vella AT Clinical & Translational Immunology
The Pharmacodynamic Impact of Apremilast, an Oral Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor, on Circulating Levels of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis: Substudy Results From a Phase 3, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial (PALACE 1). (2015) Schafer P, Chen P, Fang L, Wang A, Chopra R. J Immunol Res 2015 Jan 10 [Epub ahead of print]
Biomarkers of rapid chronic kidney disease progression in type 2 diabetes (2015) Looker HC, Colombo M, Hess S, Brosnan MJ, Farran B, Dalton RN, Wong MC, Turner C, Palmer CNA, Nogceke E, Groop L, Salomaa V, Dunger DB, Agakov F, McKeigue PM, Colhoun HM Kidney International
Comparing biological markers of Alzheimer's disease across blood fraction and platforms: Comparing apples to oranges (2015) O'Bryant SE, Listac S, Rissman RA, Edwards M, Zhang F, Hall J, Zetterberg H, Lovestone S, Gupta V, Graff-Radford N, Martins R, Jeromin A, Waring S, Oh E, King M, Baker L, Hampel H Alzheimers Dement (2015) 1-8
Characterization of Renal Biomarkers for Use in Clinical Trials: Effect of Preanalytical Processing and Qualification Using Samples from Subjects with Diabetes (2015) Brott DA, Furlong ST, Adler SH, Hainer JW, Arani RB, Pinches M, Rossing P, Chaturvedi N Drug Design, Development and Therapy
Development of a Blood-Based Molecular Biomarker Test for Identification of Schizophrenia before Disease Onset (2015) Chan MK, Krebs MO, Cox D, Guest PC, Yolken RH, Rahmoune H, Rothermundt M, Steiner J, Leweke FM, Van Beveren NJM, Niebuhr DW, Weber NS, Cowan DN, Suarez-Pinilla P, Crespo-Facorro B, Mam-Lam-Fook C, Bourgin J, Wenstrup RJ, Kaldate RR, Cooper JD, Bahn S Translational Psychiatry
Plasma protein biomarkers enhance the clinical prediction of kidney injury recovery in patients undergoing liver transplantation. (2014) Levitsky J, Baker TB, Jie C, Ahya S, Levin M, Friedewald J, Al-Saden P, Salomon DR, Abecassis MM. Hepatology 2014 Jul 31. doi: 10.1002/hep.27346. [Epub ahead of print]
An integrated omics analysis: impact of microgravity on host response to lipopolysaccharide in vitro (2014) Chakraborty N, Gautam A, Muhie S, Miller SA, Jett M, Hammamieh R. BMC Genomics 2014 Aug 7;15(1):659. [Epub ahead of print]
Distinctive Colonic Mucosal Cytokine Signature in New-Onset, Untreated Pediatric Crohn Disease (2014) Sylvester FA, Draghi A, Menoret A, Fernandez ML, Wang Z, Vella AT Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
Does ethnicity moderate dementia's biomarkers (2013) Royall DR, Palmer RF; Texas Alzheimer's Research and Care Consortium Neurobiol Aging. 2013 Sep 18. pii: S0197-4580(13)00340-0
Cytokine Profile Changes In 309 Myelofibrosis Patients: Comparison Of JAK1/JAK2 Inhibitor Therapy Vs. Placebo – Correlative Analysis From The Comfort-I Trial (2013) Dueck AC, Cleeland CS, Dantzer R, Sloan J, Verstovsek S, Emanuel RM, Geyer HL, Mesa RA Blood October 21, 2013 vol. 122 no. 21 4074
Multiplex immunoassay analysis of plasma shows prominent upregulation of growth factor activity pathways linked to GSK3ß signaling in bipolar patients (2013) Haenisch F, Alsaif M, Guest PC, Rahmoune H, Dickerson F, Yolken R, Bahn S Journal of Affective Disorders
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Pegylated Interferon Lambda-1 in Cynomolgus Monkeys (2012) Byrnes-Blake KA, Pederson S, Klucher KM, Anderson-Haley M, Miller DM, Lopez-Talavera JC, Freeman JA J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2012 Jan 26. [Epub ahead of print]
Identification of blood-based molecular signatures for prediction of response and relapse in schizophrenia patients (2012) Schwarz E, Guest PC, Steiner J, Bogerts B, Bahn S Translational Psychiatry (2012) 2, e82
Increased serum ß2-microglobulin is associated with clinical and immunological markers of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (2012) Hermansen ML, Hummelshøj L, Lundsgaard D, Hornum L, Keller P, Fleckner J, Fox B, Poulsen LK, Jacobsen S Lupus. 2012 May 10. [Epub ahead of print]
Blood-Based Protein Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease (2012) Doecke JD, Laws SM, Faux NG, Wilson W, Burnham SC, Lam CP, Mondal A, Bedo J, Bush AI, Brown B, De Ruyck K, Ellis KA, Fowler C, Gupta VB, Head R, Macaulay SL, Pertile K, Rowe CC, Rembach A, Rodrigues M, Rumble R, Szoeke C, Taddei K, Taddei T, Trounson B, Ames D, Masters CL, Martins RN; for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and Australian Imaging Biomarker and Lifestyle Research Group Arch Neurol. 2012 Jul 16:1-8
Screening for New Biomarkers for Subcortical Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease (2011) Öhrfelt A, Andreasson U, Simon A, Zetterberg H, Edman A, Potter W, Holder D, Devanarayan V, Seeburger J, Smith AD, Blennow K, Wallin A Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord Extra 1: 31–42.
Safety and efficacy of everolimus, a mTOR inhibitor, as single agent in a phase 1/2 study in patients with myelofibrosis (2011) Guglielmelli P, Barosi G, Rambaldi A, Marchioli R, Masciulli A, Tozzi L, Biamonte F, Bartalucci N, Gattoni E, Lupo ML, Finazzi G, Pancrazzi A, Antonioli E, Susini MC, Pieri L, Malevolti E, Usala E, Occhini U, Grossi A, Caglio S, Paratore S, Bosi A, Barbui T, Vannucchi AM Blood. 2011 Jul 1. [Epub ahead of print]
Validation of a Blood-Based Laboratory Test to Aid in the Confirmation of a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia (2010) Schwarz E, Izmailov R, Spain M, Barnes A, Mapes JP, Guest PC, Rahmoune H, Pietsch S, Leweke FM, Rothermundt M, Steiner J, Koethe D, Kranaster L, Ohrmann P, Suslow T, Levin Y, Bogerts B, (JM) van Beveren N, McAllister G, Weber N, Niebuhr D, Cowan D, Yolken RH, Bahn S Biomark Insights5: 39–47.
A Serum Protein-Based Algorithm for the Detection of Alzheimer Disease (2010) O'Bryant SE, Xiao G, Barber R, Reisch J, Doody R, Fairchild T, Adams P, Waring S, Diaz-Arrastia R; for the Texas Alzheimer's Research Consortium Arch Neurol 67: 1077-1081.
A guidance for renal biomarker lead optimization and use in translational pharmacodynamics (2010) Ozer JS Drug Discov Today15: 142-7.
High content analysis of human fibroblast cell cultures after exposure to space radiation (2009) Dieriks B, De Vos W, Meesen G, Van Oostveldt K, De Meyer T, Ghardi M, Baatout S, Van Oostveldt P Radiat Res. 172: 423-36.
Regression of Human Pancreatic Tumor Xenografts in Mice After a Single Systemic Injection of Recombinant Vaccinia Virus GLV-1h68. (2009) Yu YA, Galanis C, Woo Y, Chen N, Zhang Q, Fong Y, Szalay AA Mol Cancer Ther 8: 141-151.